Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario

Levels of Evidence

Type of Evidence Description of Evidence
Ia Evidence obtained from meta-analysis or systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials, and/or synthesis of multiple studies primarily of quantitative research. 
Ib Evidence obtained from at least one randomized controlled trial
IIa Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed controlled study without randomization
IIb Evidence obtained from at least one other type of well-designed quasi-experimental study, without randomization.
III Synthesis of multiple studies primarily of qualitative research
IV Evidence obtained from well-designed, non-experimental, observational studies, such as analytical studies or descriptive studies, and/or qualitative studies.
V Evidence obtained from expert opinion or committee reports, and/or clinical experiences of respected authorities.

 

Healthy Work Environment
Developing and Sustaining Effective Staffing and Workload Practices
Healthy Work Environment Recommendations