Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario

Levels of Evidence

Level Source of Evidence

Ia

Evidence obtained from meta-analysis or systematic reviews of randomized controlled
trials, and/or synthesis of multiple studies primarily of quantitative research.

Ib

Evidence obtained from at least one randomized controlled trial.

IIa

Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed controlled study without
randomization.

IIb

Evidence obtained from at least one other type of well-designed quasi-experimental
study without randomization.

III

Synthesis of multiple studies primarily of qualitative research.

IV Evidence obtained from well-designed non-experimental observational studies, such as
analytical studiesG, descriptive studiesG, and/or qualitative studies.
V Evidence obtained from expert opinion, committee reports, and/or clinical experiences of
respected authorities.

 

Women and Children
Breastfeeding Best Practice Guidelines for Nurses
Practice Recommendations